| 1 |
Author(s):
Getachew Dubache Gamu, Department of Applied Physics, Zhu Weijun, Ogwang Bob Alex.
Page No : 1-6
|
The Effect of El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Ethiopian Seasonal Rainfall
Abstract
Singular value decomposition (SVD) method is used to investigate
the covariability between Ethiopian June to September (JJAS)
rainfall anomalies and the anomalous sea surface temperature
(SST) in Pacific Ocean based on precipitation and SST reanalysis
data sets. Results show that significant coupled modes of
variability exist, with the first dominant coupled mode explaining
68.31%. The spatial pattern shows a strong negative loading of
SST in the central and eastern part of Pacific Ocean, and below
(above) normal rainfall in southern part of Ethiopia. The findings
from this study give insight into the influence of El-Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) events (Pacific Ocean) on Ethiopian JJAS
rainfall.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Adejoke C. Olufemi , AndileMji, Murembiwa S. Mukhola.
Page No : 7-15
|
Exploring South African High School Students’ Knowledge of Environmental Pollution: A Comparative Study
Abstract
Globally, environmental pollution, most especially in the
industrialised nations, has remain a serious problem. Despite
these, knowledge of young students about environmental
pollution has been reported to be inadequate. This study examined
high school students' knowledge of environmental pollution in two
South African provinces. The study was descriptive comparative
in design. A total of 453 and 330 high school students in grades 8 to
12 from Mpumalanga (coal mining region) and Gauteng (non-coal
mining region) provinces respectively were randomly selected for
the study. A 12-item semi-structured self-administered
questionnaire was used in eliciting information on environmental
pollution. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and
unpaired t-tests. Participants age ranged from 13 years to 23 years
(M = 16.1; SD = 1.75).Statistically significant differences in
knowledge was reported between students from Mpumalanga and
Gauteng provinces. Newspaper was ranked as the most important
source of information on environmental pollution by students
from both provinces
| 3 |
Author(s):
O.O. Ojo, O.A. Olatunde, O.A. Olufemi.
Page No : 17-26
|
Market Women Environment, Governance and Food Safety Practices in Ibadan, Nigeria
Abstract
In Ibadan, Nigeria, awareness, disposition, practices and ethno
cultural factors associated with environment, governance and
food safety practices among market women as in other
developing countries were in astronomical decrease. Low level of
awareness on environment and food safety practices in recent
times and their poor access to environmental information had
some inherent problems in Ibadan North Local Government Area.
A cross sectional study design was adopted. Assessment of key
environmental indicators, market governance and food safety.
The study consisted of data collection with the use of
questionnaire and key informant interviews. About 57.3% of the
respondents indicated sachet water as their source of water
supply. When the respondents are pressed and need to use the
toilet 43.3% make use of the market toilets. 18.7% of the market
women prefer to give their food wastes to goat and chickens to
feed on. In all the market studied, market governance was largely
left in the hands of men, despite the fact that women population in
the market are very predominant. The study concluded that
market environment needs to be improved on, food safety and
handling regulated. Market governance is left in the hands of men
who are always minority in the markets
| 4 |
Author(s):
O.O., Elemile, G.R.E.E., Ana, M.K.C., Sridhar, E.O., Oloruntoba.
Page No : 27-37
|
Characterization of Solid Wastes in the Non-Residential Areas of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Abstract
Human activities create waste; the composition of solid waste
varies from town to town and depends on food habits, cultural
practices, occupations and the presence and types of industries and
institutions. In Nigeria, only a little is known about the
characteristics of solid wastes generated in institutions of higher
learning. The study therefore characterized solid wastes generated
in non-residential areas of the University of Ibadan. A cross
sectional study design was adopted. The non-residential areas of
Student Union Building (SUB), Works Department (WD) and
Faculty of the Social Sciences (FSS) were purposively selected.
Wastes generated in the three locations were weighed and their
physico-chemical characteristics determined using the Standard
methods. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. The
mean weekly recyclable wastes generated in the three locations
were: 246.9+21.4Kg (food wastes), 111.7+10.6Kg (plastics) and
156.5+10.3Kg (paper).The mean values of the chemical
constituents of the generated food wastes were: 2.7+0.59%,
2.1+0.77% and 3.4+0.72% (nitrogen) for SUB, WD and FSS
respectively with no significant difference; 0.1+0.03%, 0.1+0.03%
and 0.1+ 0.04% (phosphorus) for SUB, WD and FSS respectively
with no significant difference; and 0.3+0.04%, 0.2+0.05% and
0.2+0.03% (potassium) for SUB, WD and FSS respectively and no
significant difference was observed. The solid wastes generated at
the non residential areas have good recycling potentials with a large
volume. Therefore, efforts should be made for the establishment of
a solid wastes recycling facility in the institution.
| 5 |
Author(s):
G.O., Adewuyi, M.A, Omotoso, M.O., Ogunranti, O.E., Oladiran.
Page No : 39-49
|
Levels of Heavy Metals, Phthalates and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil and Groundwater within Vicinity of E-waste Recycling/Dumpsites in Ibadan City
Abstract
Migration of leachates from e-waste dumpsites could lead to
contamination of soil and groundwater in the vicinity surrounding the
dumpsites. This article discusses the level of e-waste contaminants
(heavy metals, phthalates and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons) in soil and
groundwater within the vicinity of two major e-waste dumpsites in
Ibadan, Nigeria. Dumpsites (Oke – Padre and Iwo road) were purposely
selected. Heavy metals, Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and Phthalates
were analysed in soils collected at depth 0-15cm and groundwater
collected 50m away from e-waste dumpsites. Control samples were
obtained where e-waste is not being dumped. Analyses were conducted
using Atomic absorption Spectrophotometer, Gas chromatograph
Flame Ionization Detector, and High Performance Liquid
Chromatograph. Recovery studies were carried out on selected samples.
Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Concentration of heavy
metals (Lead, Cadmium, Nickel, Copper, Chromium, and Zinc) in soil
were 2286.83mg/Kg, 6.18mg/Kg, 208.93mg/kg, 4870mg/Kg,
3.07mg/Kg, 139.43mg/Kg (Oke-Padre) and 2607.75mg/Kg,
5.17mg/Kg, 33.24mg/Kg, 3243.81mg/Kg, 21.78mg/Kg, 162.51mg/Kg
(Iwo road) respectively were above USEPA and WHO limits. Other
metals except Lead (5.28mg/L for Oke-Padre and 1.12mg/L for Iwo
Road) were below detection limits in water samples. Lead concentration
exceeded USEPA permissible limits (0.003mg/L). All soil samples in
both locations were contaminated with Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons
with concentration ranging from 0.097mg/Kg-2.420mg/Kg. Only Oke
Padre water sample had fluorene concentration of 0.004mg/L, while
none was present in Iwo-road water sample. Concentration of phthalates
in soil ranged from 96.36µg/g-660.99µg/g and in water 3.87µg/ml
61.36µg/ml. Samples from both locations revealed phthalates
contamination. These experimental results suggested that soil and water
in both locations were heavily polluted with these contaminants.
| 6 |
Author(s):
F. O. Akintayo , C. S. Folorunso.
Page No : 51-56
|
Life-Cycle Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste in Selected Landfills in Ibadan
Abstract
Increased municipal solid waste generation due to rapid
urbanization of Africa cities is contributing to global warming.
Life-cycle assessment of municipal solid waste was carried out in
two selected landfills in Ibadan, Nigeria. The environmental
impact index of Global Warming Potential (GWP100) for two
waste management scenarios: landfill and incineration were
evaluated using GaBi package. Biodegradable components of the
6
MSW constitute approximately 47%. The GWP for landfilling and
incineration are 24.33 and 15.20 kg (CO-equivalent) respectively.
2
In order to reduce global warming impact, incineration waste
management technique is preferred to landfilling in the area of
study. The methane gas emitted from landfilling could be tapped as
alternative energy source for small and medium enterprises in the
locality.
| 7 |
Author(s):
E.A. Uyamadu , R.A. Kuye.
Page No : 57-65
|
Municipal Solid Waste Management in the Greater Banjul Area and Brikama LGA of The Gambia
Abstract
One of the main environmental issues facing the Gambia with a
population of 1,882,450 is Municipal solid waste management.
This is exacerbated by indiscriminate disposal of waste from
household and markets area, poor collection, and inappropriate
disposal practices. The intensity of the Solid waste management
problem increases with increased population due to the increased
human activities and the solid wastes to be removed for disposal.
The main causes of improper solid waste management in Greater
Banjul Area and Brikama are due to lack of good and enough
infrastructures, non-implementation of existing environmental
sanitation laws, irregular and unplanned dumping of solid wastes,
wrong lifestyle, population and urban growth due to rural-urban
migration, insufficient capital to run solid waste management
process and lack of new technology in waste disposal. Inadequate
collection and improper disposal of solid wastes facilitates
multiplication of pathogens causing diseases like cholera and
diarrhea and provides good breeding site for disease vectors like
mosquitoes (malaria), flies (diarrhea) and rodents. It is therefore
necessary to look for and implement long –term integrated waste
management strategies like segregation and recycling that
ensures a sustainable approach for waste management services.
Also proper and sustainable collection mechanisms should be
available to have a lasting solution
| 8 |
Author(s):
A.A. Adetomiwa, G.R.E.E. Ana.
Page No : 67-76
|
Indoor Air Quality and Sanitary Conditions in Selected Food Vending Premises at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Abstract
Poor Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and non-conformity with acceptable
sanitary practices compromise integrity of food and people's health.
Studyon nature of indoor air required to institute indoor air quality
control regime is lacking in University College Hospital (UCH),
Ibadan. This study assessed IAQ and sanitary conditions in selected
food vending premises at UCH, Ibadan. A descriptive cross-sectional
design involving fourteen consented food premises was adopted.
Indoor air (kitchen and dining hall) was monitored for Relative
Humidity (RH) and temperature using Multi-Tester N21FR.
Particulate matter (PM ), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide
10
(CO ), Total Bacterial Counts (TBC) and Total Fungal Counts (TFC)
2
were measured using Single Channel Particle Counter, CO-meter,
and CO-meter and TE–10–890 Single Stage air sampler
2
respectively. Measurements were taken thrice daily for 8 weeks. Data
obtained were compared with WHO guideline limits.Using an
observational checklist, building facilities were assessed; while
hygiene characteristics were scored on a 50-point scale as
unsatisfactory (=25) and satisfactory (>25). Data analysis involved
descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation at p = 0.05.
Mean RH, temperature, PM and CO at kitchen (73.1±7.0%,
10
o
3
28.7±2.2 C, 59.3±30.2µg/m and 10.1±12.9ppm) and dining hall
o
3
(72.4±7.6%, 29.1±2.3 C, 58.7±29.4µg/m and 0.1±0.7ppm)
respectively exceeded guideline limits. Mean CO TBC and TFC at
2,
kitchen (472.3±131.4ppm, 198.0±114.5cfu/m and
3
3
57.9±17.7cfu/m ) and dining hall (461.7±127.6ppm,
3
3
189.2±84.0cfu/m and 57.6±17.2cfu/m ) respectively were within
acceptable limits. The premises lacked toilet (85.7%); potable water
(42.9%); appropriate refuse bin (28.6%) and hand-washing
equipment (35.7%). About 29.0% of the premises had unsatisfactory
hygiene score. Significant negative correlation existed between
hygiene score and CO (r = -0.111), CO (r = -0.064), TBC (r = -0.144)
2
and TFC (r = -0.136). Unsatisfactory sanitary conditions contributed
to higher levels of indoor air quality parameters. Routine air
monitoring programmes and sanitary inspection of the premises are
advocated
| 9 |
Author(s):
O.O. OJO, G.R.E.E. Ana , F.O. Oshiname.
Page No : 77-84
|
Traffic Congestion and Noise Pollution around Petrol Station in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria
Abstract
In Ibadan, Nigeria, as in other developing countries there were
astronomical increase in the number of petrol stations in recent
times and their poor locations had some inherent problems in
Ibadan North Local Government Area. Some of which are traffic
congestion and noise pollution around petrol stations. A cross
sectional study design was adopted. Environmental monitoring of
traffic density and noise pollution were carried out. A sound meter
was used to determine noise levels around PS. Only 25% (14) of
the total population of 58 petrol stations were used in this study.
The mean vehicular traffic density was 464±84.9 vehicles per hour.
Cars as a means of mobility had the highest mean density of 1348
per day followed by buses with 1182 vehicles per day during the 12
hour assessment period for one month. Noise monitoring study
revealed a mean noise level of 92.4± 3.9 dBA which was higher
than NGL standard of 90dBA for eight hours duration per day.
Petrol stations were number one contributors to traffic congestion
and noise pollution in Ibadan North LGA. Traffic density was
lower compared to similar cities of the world. Noise level was
higher than WHO/ FEPA standard of 90 dBA for eight hours
duration per day
| 10 |
Author(s):
B. Wahab, I. E. Akinola.
Page No : 95-110
|
Level of Compliance with Physical Planning Standards and Perceived Effects of Petrol Filling Stations Located in Residential Areas of Ibadan
Abstract
The study investigated the level of compliance with specified physical
planning standards and perceived effects of petrol dispensing stations
located within residential areas of Ibadan, Nigeria. Both primary and
secondary data were used for the study. The primary data were sourced
through reconnaissance surveys, personal observations, physical
measurement, questionnaire administration and key informant
interviews. The physical enumeration of petrol stations undertaken in
2012 in the five urban local government areas (LGAs) revealed a total
of 260 petrol filling stations. Plot size, setbacks and distances from
intersections and between petrol stations were measured with a
calibrated tape. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was administered
to dealers/managers of 20% (52) of the petrol filling stations randomly
selected in Ibadan North, Ibadan North-East, Ibadan North-West,
Ibadan South-East and Ibadan South-West LGAs. Household heads in
312 residential buildings that surrounded the selected petrol stations
were randomly selected and a structured questionnaire was
administered to them. Key informant interviews were held with the
Zonal Directors of Town Planning in the five LGAs. Secondary data
were obtained from both published and unpublished sources.
Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The study revealed
that only 82.7% of the sampled petrol stations had approved plans and
14.0% of these did not comply with the planning specifications in the
approved plans. Level of compliance with planning standards varied as:
complied with 75m specification from road intersection (11.5%) (the
least in the group); minimum distance of 500m from other petrol filling
stations (46.2%); regulations on land size requirements (49.8%); and
regulations on loading and unloading of passengers in the petrol filling
stations (73.1%). The perceived environmental effects of petrol filling
stations on residents of adjoining buildings included: water pollution
(24.7%), air pollution (34.0%), fire outbreak (47.9%), security risk
(62.5%) and traffic congestion (60.6%). The study concluded that there
was a high level of non-compliance of petrol stations with extant
planning standards and this constituted a source of environmental and
safety hazards to surrounding residents. There is the need for political
will for strict enforcement of extant planning regulations, sealing-up of
contravening petrol stations, and promotion of public awareness to
prevent further development in unauthorized places to safeguard the
health of the city residents.
| 11 |
Author(s):
Obadire M. Oluwatoyin, G.R.E.E Ana, O.M. Akpa.
Page No : 111-116
|
Noise Levels from Selected Religious Centres and Perceived Non-Auditory Health Effects Experienced by Residents in Owo Town, Ondo State, Nigeria
Abstract
In recent times urban noise pollution has grown in magnitude and
scope causing palpable effects on public life. Whereas studies have
shown the pattern of noise pollution from traffic and industrial
sources, little is known about noise from religious settings. We
determined the noise levels and then assessed its non-auditory
effects on residents. Twelve religious centers: Islamic worship
centres (IWC) and Christian worship centres (CWC) were
purposively selected based on potential noise generation
capacities. Noise level measurements from the religious centers
were taken at three times of the day (5-8am, 11am-2pm and 5-8pm)
using AEMC sound meter for 8 consecutive weeks. Values
obtained were compared with WHO guidelines limit. Information
on perceived non-auditory health problems was obtained with an
interviewer semi-structured questionnaire from consenting
residents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA
and T-test at 5% level of significance. The highest mean noise level
83.6±7.5dB was recorded between 5-8am at IWC. Mean noise
levels (69.1±9.2dB) at the 12 religious centers were above WHO
guideline limits for noise exposure (55dB) in residential
environments. Most of the participants (42.8%) had sleep
disturbance and 28.1% were highly annoyed as a result of religious
noise. Other non-auditory health problems were loss of
concentration (17.5%), speech interference (12.8%) and
aggressiveness (12.5%). Residents living contiguous to religious
houses are highly vulnerable to non-auditory health effects due to
their exposure to excessive noise. Health education to the religious
bodies on the adverse effects of excessive noise in the residential
environment is advocated
